DNA electrophoresis 

DNA is one of  the most common sample for electrophoresis, such as genotyping, PCR, plasmide, and genomic DNA southern blotting gel. During DNA electrophoresis, DNA molecules run through agarose gel under electric field during electrophoresis process. The speed of DNA migration in electrophoresis depends on voltage and temperature. Uneven electric field and temperature distribution will cause gel smiling in DNA electrophoresis. 

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The basics of agarose gel for DNA electrophoresis

In agarose DNA electrophoresis, an agarose gel plate is immersed under conductive electrophoresis running buffer, such as TAE buffer, TBE buffer, and mops buffer. The DNA electrophoresis buffer conducts electric current from electrodes to the agarose gel plate. DNA sample molecules in the electric field migrate, in a direction from negative to positive, according to DNA charge and DNA molecular size. After agarose DNA gel electrophoresis process, DNA sample molecules form distinguished bands in the agarose gel plate.

The conductive electrophoresis buffer, while conducting electric current to agarose gel plate, generates undesired heat during agarose gel electrophoresis, which limits agarose gel DNA electrophoresis a slow process at low voltage.

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